Introductory Economics Cheatsheet Free Essays

Problems by Command 1. Information collection 2. Principal-agent 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Introductory Economics Cheatsheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Disagreement among multiple decision-makers. Arrows’ impossibility theorem. Paradox of voting. 4. Enforcement Coordination by Market Princes as signals of scarcity/abundance Induces coordination Requires much less info No enforcement costs No principal-agent problem No problem with multiple decision makers Qualification: some command systems exist within a market (eg firms) Public Good Has free-rider problem due to non-excludability. Can only be provided by a coercive authority that can force users to pay for these goods. Taxes. Collective Goods Provide benefits for a group. Cartels and Unions Has free riding problem. Prevent by sanctions Common Resources Non-excludable but exhaustible Natural resources goods Lack of well-defined property rights encourages overuse. The tragedy of the commons. Solve by asserting ownership rights over common resources. Coarse theorem Markets generate themselves for property transfer that internalize externalities. Adverse selection Moral hazard Market price based on expected quality Reward people for not maintaining quality High quality sellers drop out Cycle continues Market collapse FDI promotes technology transfer without moral hazard. Equilibrium – no one has an incentive to change their behavior. Price ceiling Cause a shortage due to excess demand Leads to rationing or preferential allocation, long queues, inefficiency. Those who do get will benefit from the lower prices. Price floor Eg Minimum wage Only those workers who don’t lose their jobs benefit from the higher wages. Consumer surplus When price goes down, CS increase due to 2 reasons. Existing buyers pay less. More buyers are able to enter market. Producer surplus Markets select low cost suppliers. Only those whose costs of production are below the market price enter. When price goes down, ‘marginal seller’ drops out. When price goes up, PS increases due to 2 reasons. Existing producer get a higher price. More producers can enter. Total welfare = CS + PS Govt intervention decreases this Factors of demand Income substitution effect Change in tastes Expectation of future prices Change in number of buyers Factors of supply Change in technology Change in input prices Expectation of future prices Change in number of sellers Elasticity Price elasticity of demand for a good is the % change in demand when the good’s price falls by 1%. Elasticity along a linear demand curve decreases with a decrease in price. Factors affecting elasticity of demand Number of substitutes/whether the good is a necessity/time frame/broadness of category Income elasticity of demand is the % increase in its demand for a 1% rise in income. Indifference curve Non-lexicographic and non-satiation Convex to origin – preference for variety Cant cross each other due to consistency and transitivity Marginal rate of substitution(MRS) Negative of an indifference curve’s slope at any point Equal to the ratio of marginal utilities of the 2 goods at that point Slope of budget line is the negative of the relative prices of the 2 goods. At tangent, slope of budget line and slope of indifference curve must be equal. MRS=relative prices at this point The ratio of marginal utility to price is equal for both goods at the point chosen (equimarginal principle) Income and substitution effect Cost curve AFC=TFC/Q, AVC=TVC/Q, ATC=AFC+AVC AFC declining with Q. AVC first falls then rises. U shaped. Rising marginal cost. When MCMC. No supply curve. MC Pricing P=MC, lead to losses for natural monopoly, which govt can subsidize. But tax has its own deadweight loss. P=ATC , zero profits. Alternative, public ownership Price discrimination Increase monopolist profits First degree – extract entire CS, socially optimal but unlikely Second degree – Charge buyers based on observable characteristics Third degree – separated markets Quantity discounts Contestable Market No barrier to entry Maintain monopoly only due to the fact that it entered first P=MC, zero economic profits Durable Goods Monopoly MC=0 Compete against its future price Cartels and collusion Incentive that monopoly profits are higher Each has an incentive to sell more than the agreed amount, resulting in a collapse of the agreement. Bertrand duopoly Assumption constant MC. Equilibrium at AC=MC. Naive thinking and no capacity constraint and price easily adjusted Sweezy model Each firm assumes that if it cuts its price, this will be matched by all its rivals while if it increase its price, it will not be matched. Perceive demand curve to be very inelastic below the existing price and very elastic above existing price. Result in price rigidity Reverse kink Each firm assumes that its price increases will be matched by all rivals, while its price cuts will not. Demand curve becomes elastic below the existing price as the cut speedily increases the demand for this firm’s product. Inelastic above the existing price. Result in price instability. Likely during depression. Competition in output Cournet Model Supposes wrongly that other firms will not react to its own output decisions. Will not result in zero-profit outcome. MR=MC. Monopolistic competition Large number of sellers with differentiated products No barriers to entry Each firm faces a downward sloping demand curve Short run, try to max profits by MR=MC. Due to free entry, more firms enter in long run as long as positive economic profits are made. Shifts demand curve to the less are market share reduced. Long run equilibrium, P=AC. Not at minimum of AC curve, thus inefficiency as each firm has excess capacity. Provide more variety though. Game theory Dominant strategy equilibrium No incentive to deviate as none of the players can do better by choosing a different strategy. Nash Equilibrium Each player has no incentive to deviate by himself. Each guess what other player choose. Coordination problem Multiple equilibrium Solve by convention Focal point – higher payoff for 1 equilibrium Zero-sum games Solve by maximin rule – maximize his minimum payoffs. Repeated games Grim trigger strategy cannot work if the game is repeated a known finite number of times. If infinitely, can sustain if they do not discount the future heavily(sufficient weight to future punishments). Discount factor 1/3. Sequential game Backward induction – work backwards to solve Subgame perfect Nash equilibrium – additional property of ruling out empty threat GDP – the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time Relies on market prices Includes market value of the stream of services from durable goods Miss out value of non market services Excludes transfer payments Consumption + Investment + Government spending + Net export Y=C+I+G+NX GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP/real GDP)*100 GDP per capita flawed as a welfare measure as it excludes value of leisure, clean environment, and safety. CPI measures the cost of a fixed basket of goods bought by a typical consumer. Overstates cost of living because of substitution bias. Introduction of new goods and thus increased living standards is not reflected. Quality changes is not measure. GDP deflator includes goods not bought by typical consumer. CPI includes imports. Real interest=nominal interest – inflation Productivity is a key to rapid growth. Physical capital Human capital Natural resources Technology Y= AF(L, K, H, N) Productivity is given by Y/L = AF(1, K/L, H/L, N/L) Technology progress continuously expands the resource frontier. Phases of rapid growth have occurred when a technological innovation opens up a new elastic supply source. Eg Industrial revolution, Railway boom, IT. Policies to promote growth Encourage savings and investment. Diminishing marginal productivity of capital implies that high saving will no longer lead to fast growth beyond a point. Convergence effect. Encourage FDI. Builds up physical and human capital accumulation. Has learning effects through tech transfer and positive externalities. Education. Secure system of property rights Lack of corruption or political instability Pursuing free trade Population growth can lead to lower capital-labor ratio which might decrease productivity Also inefficiency in human capital accumulation as same educational facilities spread thinly Large families may keep woman out of labor force which reduces total productivity C and IM tend to increase as national income rise. So C= C+cY, IM=IM+mY where c and m are marginal propensity to consume and import. An increase in GDP of $1 increases C by c and IM by m. c,m How to cite Introductory Economics Cheatsheet, Essay examples

Small Business Enterprise- Zodiac Garage Private Limited

Question: Discuss about the Small Business Enterprise for Zodiac Garage Private Limited? Answer: Introduction Being operated as a small business enterprise, many organizations have a plan to expand their business operation and holding of the market share with implementing a successful growth implementation plan. However, a proper assessment and the business management control needs to be delivered for make a successful. Before executing the business expansion strategy into the current profile, the business potentiality must be reviewed. The assessment of the past performance, identifying business strength and weaknesses, measuring competitive advantages, current business plan and activities of the management shall be explored for analyzing the future business growth opportunity. In this assignment, a profile of small sized business enterprise is going to be discussed because in the wake of increased workload, and to further streamline the business, the CEO of the company plans to develop an effective business plan to increase the structural efficiency and to enhance work productivity as well. Discussion of the profile of the business Since 2010, Zodiac Motor Garage, a small private enterprise, has been working in the location of Liverpool, England. The founder of the organization, Ronald Samuels, previously had been worked in the engineering company, in the repair and maintenance department. Later he took an initiative and explored his previous engineering experience and started Zodiac Motor Garage Private Limited. The company is aimed at to provide best customer service in the consumer discretionary sector of the retail-discretionary industry in England. Additionally, the company has a clear vision to spring to action to help get the customer back on the road safely, quickly and at the affordable cost in the market. The company has been selling used vehicles and known as a best vehicle service centre in Liverpool. There are nearly 75 people have been engaged in multiple vehicle engineering services like engine trouble, tire replacements, auto body repairs, electrical wiring problems, transmission defects and so on. Zodiac Motor Garage Private Limited provides a warm and welcoming atmosphere with a complement of courteous and knowledgeable staff those have an intension at turning the tide of unfortunate breakdowns into a pleasurable experience of getting back on the road (Bridge and O'Neill 2012). Ronald Samuels is the Managing Directors cum Chief Engineer of the organization. Jacob Smith and Mark Robinson, two others are mainly responsible for operational handlings of the garage. Apart from the internal structure of the organization, the external location of the garage is centrally located where residents can garage their used vehicles for selling purpose along with for repair and maintenance and can take a public conveyance home after handling over the vehicle to them. The key success indicator of the company are maintaining customer faith with the public relations, mainly through direct selling proposition, high trustworthiness and provide an affordable price structure. SWOT analysis of Zodiac Motor Garage Private Limited Strength Best Location and huge space: This small business enterprise is centrally located in Liverpool and a huge garage space is the biggest advantage of the company Goodwill of the business: The Company values ethical customer dealing and has successfully maintaining a trustworthiness relationship with their clients. Skilled workforce: Employees of Zodiac Garage Limited are skilled engineers and the management employs highly qualified operational professional as well. Direct selling value proposition: The company sells used automobiles through the direct purchase from customers Weakness Vintage Engineering technologies: Zodiac Garage Limited has been using the obsolete engineering technologies for repairing the automobiles and other restoration works. For instance, the company has been using old engine cooling system and provides manual vehicle painting technique. This results a huge financial loss and invests enough time for the service. Structural and management deficiency: The organizational structure is weak because the work responsibilities are not clearly defined by the management. Faulty work process: The entire work process has not been integrated with each functional department due to structural inefficiencies. Threat Limited resource: Zodiac Garage Limited is having limited resources. Though this company is self- owned by Ronald Samuels, the working capital structure dies not support the future business expansion plan. Frequency of change management: The pattern of business process and used technology are highly transformable in the automobile industry. Scarce workforce: Being a small owned company, the work-strength of the company is also restricted among 75 staff and 5 executives. This would be a huge threat in case of business expansion plan execution. Opportunity Huge market opportunity: Zodiac Garage Private Limited has a huge market expansion opportunity because the market competition is comparatively medium. The scope of outsourcing: The Company has been maintaining a good brand value in Liverpool area. Thus a good service reputation can be an opportunity for outsourcing the business to other locations across the nation. Huge scope for exploring automobile dealership business: There is a huge opportunity of dealership business where the company can sell new vehicles as well. (Source: Created by author) Analysis of the business measuring competitive performance Zodiac Garage Limited Company has been working in the retail automobile industry with good brand value. However, the company is facing difficulties to maintain same competitive performance due to presence of new entrants in the market. The companies like Tony and County Motor Garage Limited, Yorkshire Vehicles, and Oxford German Car Specialists limited are providing same professional repair and restoration services along with trade facilities. Furthermore, majority of the competitors of Zodiac Garage Limited are expanding their business operations by establishing different service centers across the nation. Therefore, a single service destination is not adequate for business sustainability in the long run. There is a huge requirement of multiple garage locations for accelerating higher customer service and more revenue in the long run. Recommendation to overcome the identified weaknesses: Currently, the chief executive officer of Zodiac Garage Private Limited is facing various issues due to the structural and the operational business inefficiencies. To better handle this situation, the organization needs to implement and maintain some action plans in a short span of time. Here are some recommendations provided to overcome the identified weaknesses: To overcome issue of vintage engineering technologies, it is recommended to use modern and advanced automobile service technologies and methods for better work excellence. For instance, the company should use the Auto spray painting machine for painting of vehicles. Furthermore, Zodiac Company can display fully fitted state of the art workshop where they can promote the usage of new technologies and automobile accessories. For example, Digital Techno graphs is a well fitted instrument on goods and passenger vehicles that are subject to techno graph rules that have already used in the automobile industry since 2006. But the company is not well versed about the fact that this techno graph can store several data like data, vehicle registration number, speed of the vehicle, Single or co-driver, insertion of driver card each day and so on. It is the responsibility of the business owner to incorporate modern technologies in their vehicle servicing activities (Burrows 2015). In addition, th e company should use better Car Wash Equipments and Tire Repair Machine JM7200 to be known as a better service provider in the automobile service industry. Therefore, the use of new and advanced technologies needs to be incorporated for resolving this issue. To resolve the structural and management weaknesses of Zodiac Garage Limited, it is recommended to recruit more people into the workforce. Specifically, Ronald Samuel is chief engineer, thus, there is an immense work pressure he usually handled. For mitigating this pressure, deputy engineers must be employed. The job responsibilities must be allocated as per the industry experience to better handle the increased workload issues. There are many issues are raised related to high work pressure (Bartlett 2014). If the company would like to outsource their business into other locations then employees and executives will experience more workload. To mitigate these operational and structural inefficiencies, the owner must introduce work flexibility for the employees. Furthermore, new employment is required for emergency roadside assistance, electronic diagnostic and engine diagnostic and so on. On the other hand, all functional departments must be integrated to enhance the professionalism. For instance, the operational personnel, Jacob Smith and Mark Robinson must be communicated and interacted with the CEO for better decision making. Zodiac Garage Private Limited, therefore, needs to be followed all the above mentioned appropriate actions to overcome the identified weaknesses in the small business. Analysis the ways of existing performance to be maintained and strengthened: There are a certain operational gap exist within the current organizational culture of Zodiac Garage Private Limited. This gap has been identified in the area of service mobility. There are many rival companies provide professional services through their several repairing outsourcing centre whereas Zodiac limited is only operating from the location of Liverpool (Henry, Rushton and Baillie 2016). Therefore, the company needs to explore new destination for offering both a state of workshop based service and a mobile diagnostic unit. Secondly, the work process system must maintain quick solution procedures with incorporating more machine works rather engaging people into the business. However, there are many complaints have been recorded from customers regarding the non-systematic administration and the performance of the sales department. Therefore, new business plan or revised organizational structure must be incorporated within the workplace. All these above mentioned suggestive acti ons must be implemented by the management of Zodiac Garage Private Limited. Recommendation and highlight new areas to business expand: Currently, the CEO of the Zodiac Garage Limited is looking for to expand his small business by exploring new areas of the business. After discussing and underpinning the entire operational activities, the following recommendations have been developed. By implementing all this recommendations, the business can resolve their current issues and also new ideas will be developed. First of all, the company needs to be developed a strong financial base. The most positive thing is that the company has a good brand value and customer reputation in the automobile service industry. Therefore, Ronald Samuels should take initiative for bank loan. Due to have a small size enterprise, the company is not listed in the stock exchange. Therefore, shareholders contribution cannot be possible in the business expansion plan. Therefore, the bank loan option is the best option for raising fund which must be handled effectively and efficiently. Zodiac Garage Limited currently sells used vehicles apart from the professional repairing services. To explore the business, the company can engage themselves into the dealership business. In this business exposure, Zodiac can sell any brand at their preferences (Hrebiniak 2013). Due to have enough space, the management of the company can make this idea fruitful. This plan could be beneficial because customer responses will definitely be increased. However, the company needs to serve extra responsibility in the case of dealership business because brand reputation along with the company goodwill needs to be maintained simultaneously (Harmon 2014). But the company can earn more profits from the chosen automobile dealers. On the other hand, the reputation and trustworthiness of the company could also be increased after getting the status of Authorized Service Dealer. To outsourcing the business, the number of service stations in the different location needs to be established to increase the service mobility (Babafemi 2015). The firm should aim to supply not only the general public but also for companies with a high quality service and should explore fully fitted state of the art workshop. All this service must maintain the cost effectiveness to maintain the competitive advantages in the market. Introducing Technology-driven trends into the current business can be responsible for changing customer behavior within the workplace. In the new work culture, the management needs to be accelerated 24/7 operations, keeping motorists maintained to a high level of standard above that of a normal garage. Furthermore, the integrated relationship with customer shall be maintained and an emergency assistance department needs to be implemented for better handling emergency roadside assistances. Assessment of existing business objectives and plans: In the proposed change management program, Zodiac Garage Private Limited has to change their business priorities. Offering the best service to their consumer was the initial objectives of the company. However, this is not adequate for outsourcing the business proposal. The changed business objectives, therefore, be as follows: To explore new garage areas for outsourcing the professional repairing services and maximizes customer satisfaction To diversify the operational activities and segregates the responsibilities for ensuring the maximum growth and revenue To deliver enthusiastic work culture and provides quality welding work, super quality body repairing service along with high quality vehicle paintwork in all their expanded service destination, maintaining cost effectiveness. To increase the workforce strength and service flexibility of the existing as well as the new appointed employees Incorporating all these objectives into the proposed change management plan, the full participation and involvement of the management will be required. The CEO of the company has to explore the transformational entrepreneurship where all employees and executives will get a chance to participate in core decision makings. Revised business plans incorporate suitable changes: To enhance the business competencies and accelerate garage service productivity, a revised business plan is highly desirable. Highly skilled and technically vibrant employees are the main driving force of the organization (Ackermann and Audretsch 2013). Therefore, the level of efficiency needs to be enhanced, giving extra privilege to their employees. For example, the management needs to be paid extra money for any overtime services. In other way, if an engineer is engaged in emergency vehicle recovery or emergency roadside assistance, then he /she will definitely get extra pay. On the other side, the employee work flexibility shall be managed effectively by the management otherwise it would be difficult for an employee to survive in the ever expanding and accepting service environment. The management should increase the responsiveness because if they engage in the dealership business apart from repairing services, then, the brand reputation of the dealer must be maintained providing best selling supervision and hassle free administration (Blackburn, Hart and Wainwright 2013). Here the garage supervision must be monitored and all the outsourcing service destinations must be functioned in an integrated manner. For instance, an extensive cars parking system must be developed to increase sales volume and revenue. A strong financial base is highly desirable for make the service system more mechanical and less manual (Goss 2015). An effective function of financial department of Zodiac Garage Private Limited have to take the responsibility for appropriate working capital management so that the authority can buy technical accessories like Auto painting machine, tire repairing improved machine as so on. It will ensure functional excellence in the automobile service industry. Action plan to implement the changes: Action Plan Strategy Plan 1: Improve team excellence and focus towards the common goal All functional departments like admin, operation, finance, sales and HRM must co-operate each other in every interaction. In this was a systematic work flow management system must be maintained. Secondly, senior engineers can guide and offer training sessions for serving better for customers. Plan 2: Garage maintenance and increase space facilities This would be better if the management start their operation and outsourcing their service from outside Liverpool. Every people associated with this company shall participate in the garage maintenance service. An organized and sophisticated vehicle parking place must be maintained for better customer satisfaction. Plan 3: Enhance technical excellence In spite of the use of vintage engineering equipments, the company will use advanced technologies and will make the entire system less manual with maintaining cost effectiveness. (Source: created by author) Impact of proposed changes: The business and the associated people will also be influenced by the proposed changes. Such impacts will be as follows: The service professionalism will be increased by operating under the stick vigilance of the management (Booth 2015). The customized work culture will increase the end productivity of the business and that would definitely be helpful to maintain competitive edges among other garage companies in UK. The better repairing and trading services provided by employees will increase intangible brand values of the business (Ocasio and Radoynovska 2016). Change management plans: The change management plans are as follows: i) To follow a transformational leadership where employee engagement will be valued in the decision making process in the business (plan for CEO) ii) To recruit highly skilled and experienced personnel in the automobile engineering industry (plan for HRM) iii) To provide best vehicle recovery and other technical assistance in the most cost effective manner (plan for operational department) iv) To give an extra effort for make better fund management system (plan for finance department) v) To supervise garage maintenance and ensure a high quality car accommodation (plan for administration) Monitoring improvement plan: Zodiac limited should maintain a service monitoring system to ensure that the proposed changed management plan is appropriately executed. For this, the administration will be evaluated the services and will collect customer feedbacks after the service sessions (Jeston and Nelis 2014). Furthermore, the management will conduct monthly meeting session for employees who are engaged in sales and customer dealings. All the customer complaints and the other operational issues will be resolved by arranging a direct employee-employer conversation. Conclusion: By implementing above plans and changed management strategies, Zodiac Garage Limited can definitely expand their service and will manage increased workload more effectively. However, this process execution is indeed a challenging part for the management of the company. But this changed business plan will be successful if the management get an active participation and cooperation from all departments of the company. References: Ackermann, S.J. and Audretsch, D.B. eds., 2013. The economics of small firms: A European challenge (Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Babafemi, I.D., 2015. Corporate Strategy, Planning and Performance Evaluation: A Survey of Literature. Journal of Management, 3(1), pp.43-49. Bartlett, R., 2014. Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Bill. Blackburn, R.A., Hart, M. and Wainwright, T., 2013. Small business performance: business, strategy and owner-manager characteristics. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 20(1), pp.8-27. Booth, S.A., 2015. Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Bridge, S. and O'Neill, K., 2012. Understanding enterprise: Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan. Burrows, R. ed., 2015. Deciphering the Enterprise Culture (Routledge Revivals): Entrepreneurship, Petty Capitalism and the Restructuring of Britain. Routledge. Goss, D., 2015. Small Business and Society (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Harmon, P., 2014. Business process change. Morgan Kaufmann. Henry, C., Rushton, J. and Baillie, S., 2016. Exploring the sustainability of small rural veterinary enterprise. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(1). Hrebiniak, L.G., 2013. Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. FT Press. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014. Business process management. Routledge. Ocasio, W. and Radoynovska, N., 2016. Strategy and commitments to institutional logics: Organizational heterogeneity in business models and governance. Strategic Organization, p.1476127015625040.

Legacy of Crisis Stimulating Economic Growth †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Legacy of Crisis Stimulating Economic Growth. Answer: Introduction Continuous policy efforts in Ireland have contributed to a successful recovery from legacy of crisis stimulating economic growth. The welfare system of the nation proves extensive support in form of increased demand involving a sense of equality and this has made possible the necessary reform during this time. However, the nation currently suffered from an increased incidence of discourage workers that restricts long-term growth prospect. Different form of targeted benefit especially housing benefit lead to high rate of replacement (oecd.org 2018). Additionally, household living at the bottom line of income distribution faces a high marginal tax rate. This encourages them to substitute more work effort with leisure. The paper briefly discusses policies undertaken by the government to increase work effort and the effectiveness of such policies. Policies undertaken by the government to encourage workforce Recovery from shock is generally associated with an increase in employment and a corresponding fall in unemployment rate. However, in Ireland the unemployment rate has remained considerable high. The recovery gain would be realized well once it is spread across all groups of the society in form of an inclusive growth strategy (Haugh, Jin and Pandiella 2016). Some of the policies undertaken to achieve this goal include establishing a well-designed tax and welfare system, an efficient activation policy and encouraging a better education and skill enhancement policies. Design of tax and welfare system often plays an important role in determining labor-leisure choice of the workforce. The high rate of replacement or high marginal tax rate generally discourage work effort by reducing the reward of work effort. Solution to these problems have an inevitable trade-off between work disincentive effects, fiscal cost to government and social protection. The high replacement rate or higher marginal tax are reducing work effort in Ireland in favor of leisure. Evidences suggest that in Ireland, household belonging to low income groups faces a marginal tax rates as high as 60%. The government is required to reduce assistance in form of Family Income Supplement with an increase in income. It has been observed that if benefits of tax are complimented with an increase in FIS limit of income then this would result in a decline in disposable income from 1 to 6 (Haugh, Jin and Pandiella 2016). This provides greater work incentive even to low paid workers. However, reduction in FIS limit is associated with an increased pressure on government budget. A decline in withdrawal rate from 60 to 32% for a family having two children from EUE 602 to a higher level of EUR 865 is estimated to have an additional cost of EUR 200 million (oecd.org 2018). Efficient activation policy Establishing mutual obligation is one of the best way to increases participation in the labor market. This efficiently encourages workers to return to work without affecting the transfer system. In the early 2010s, a tight conditionality has been imposed on unemployment benefit through the project named Pathways to Work. Since then proportion of penalized beneficiaries have increased significantly. The policy included nearly a 25 percent reduction in benefits with a suspension for 9 weeks. There were approximately 9200 cases where unemployed persons refused to search for active jobs constituting 3 percent of the total unemployed (oecd.org 2018). Such policies can be more comprehensive is undertaken with some objectivity criteria such as wages, contract types, working hours, location and other attributes. Another factor responsible for smaller participation in work is the lack of required skills. Adults in Ireland are lagging behind other OECD nations in terms of literacy and numeracy skills (Haugh, Jin and Pandiella 2016). In order to address this issue, Ireland had launched Further Education and Training Strategy 2014-2019. This involves numeracy and literacy program through its Education and Training Board. This is expected to increase participation by enhancing skills. Voluntary Participation of Women Women roughly consists of nearly half of the population of any country and Ireland is no exception. Thus, one of the primary way of address to the situation of stagnated productivity and labour force participation rates of the country, could have been involvement of more numbers of women in the labour force (Blanchard, Jaumotte and Loungani 2013). As can be seen from the above figure, the gap between the percentages of participation of men and women in labour force in the country had been considerably high. Much of which can be attributed to the high child-rearing cost in the country which compelled the women to stay back and take care of their children. The policy taken by the country to revamp the family benefit schemes and the introduction of child care schemes in this context has proved to be considerably positive as the percentage of women in the labour force are slowly increasing. To increase the productivity of the economy of any country it is of utmost importance to boost up the industrial and commercial sectors, by bringing in new industries and boosting up the existing ones, for which sufficient amount of investment is required. For Ireland, not all the investments can be done by the government itself and thus, the country needs huge inflow of foreign investments, for which the economy needs to be attractive and prospective in the eyes of the foreign investors. The proposed policy of the government of maintaining low corporate tax rates and reduction of the barriers and stringent regulations of foreign investment inflow can be considered as one of the welcoming change on part of the government of the country as by reducing these barriers the economy is expected to make it appear to be more prospective as well as profitable for the foreign multinational and investors to venture into the country, thereby contributing to the growth of the productivity and att racting more labour force participation in the country. Providing the right kind of education: Especially to the immigrants One of the primary ways in which Ireland can increase their labour force participation rate as well as the overall productivity of the economy is by including the immigrants in the labour force and using their unique talents and capabilities, which can help the country to minimise the skill and productivity mismatches in the country. The policies taken by the governing authorities of the country, in this context, include the provision of skill intensive education to the residents including the immigrants as well as equal distribution of immigrants in all schools, thereby preventing the concentration of immigrants only in the disadvantageous schools (Blanchard, Jaumotte and Loungani 2013). The number of immigrants as well as low privileged residents dropping out of school early, the policy of the government also includes provision of vocational training which is expected to help these people in finding jobs. This has been found to be effective as more jobs are being created in the economy and the social inclusiveness and welfare of the immigrants are also increasing which are encouraging them to participate in economic activities, thereby contributing to the increased productivity of the country. Conclusion The policies which have been proposed as well as already implemented by the government of Ireland in order to increase the productivity and labour force dynamics also include measures like concentrating on innovations, encouraging new firms, bringing in sustainability apart from the ones mentioned above. These policies are seen to be having considerable effects on the employment and productivity scenario of the country, mostly positive. However, this assessment is based on the short run observation as it takes a prolonged period to see the net effects of the policies on an economy. Thus, the effects of these policies are expected to be subjected to prolonged time testing and influence of various other exogenous factors working within the economy. References Blanchard, O.J., Jaumotte, M.F. and Loungani, M.P., 2013.Labor market policies and IMF advice in advanced economies during the Great Recession. International Monetary Fund. Cso.ie (2018).Employment - CSO - Central Statistics Office. [online] Cso.ie. Available at: https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-wamii/womenandmeninireland2013/employmentlist/employment/ [Accessed 30 Mar. 2018]. Haugh, D., Jin, Y. and Pandiella, A.G., 2016. Growing together: Towards a more inclusive Ireland.OECD Economic Department Working Papers, (1293), p.0_1. Oecd.org. (2018).OECD Economic Surveys Ireland. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Ireland-2015-overview.pdf [Accessed 30 Mar. 2018].

Level 5 Diploma in Health and Social Care free essay sample

I have used two examples of service users who use the service and how barriers are overcome when using different methods of communication and how working in partnership with other organizations can promote better outcomes for their care. This is relevant within my own Job role 1;Service User A-suffered a stroke and is partially deaf in his right ear and wears hearing aids 2;Service User B-Has dementia and lacks capacity to communicate . Service user A Barriers are overcome by care staff having to speak very slowly and facing him when speaking so he can follow lip movement. Staff are too write information down on paper so he can visually understand or stand to the right of him and speak louder so he can hear clearer. Len every service users care plan all relevant information such as his preferred methods of communication or his needs wishes or preferences personal details medication etc,this information can be shared with care staff who visit him or district nurses his family where possible . We will write a custom essay sample on Level 5 Diploma in Health and Social Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In every service users care plan there are daily reporting sheets that care staff record what they have done on each visit or report any concerns regarding the welfare of the client. These are then collected each month and returned to the office staff and stored in the service users personal file and any concerns are reported and discussed at these weekly meetings with social services any forms of extra support can be discussed and these changes can be implemented and other inter agencies can be introduced and decisions made on how a service users care can deliver better outcomes regarding their care. Service user B Her son is the first point of contact and communication regarding his mothers care feedback to the son and office staff have played a vital role in this ladies care gaining extra purport from the occupational therapist and her doctor as her mobility deteriorated rapidly and become unable to feed herself as well as her lack of capacity to communicate too care staff have found other ways of communication were formed by care staff using hand gestures or visually showing her items of clothing and giving her lots of choices on what she would like to eat and speaking to her using lots of eye contact this kept her attention and improved her care these have been found to be very effective when feedback from care staff were given. This can make all the difference to individuals who use the service their family embers can access these organizations and gather essential information and how it can improve the loved ones care. As so can all care staff research ways that may improve the service users care . Working in partnership with the hospital it is standard practice to implement all service users who use the service with a Hospital/ Health passport so if they are ever admitted to hospital they can take this with them of kin their GAP,s name address etc what medication they require and so on this has proved very effective as all their information can be shared with all essential hospital staff.

Rural and Urban Conflict in the 1920s

Rural and Urban Conflict in the 1920s At the end of World War I, changes in society began to dominate daily lives. Conflict arose as an increasingly urban, secular society came into conflict with older rural traditions. The rise of new ideas and the change into peacetime economy brought problems in both urban and rural environments. The two sections of the county had their own sources of conflict, but many affected both. One source of conflict was fundamentalism, in which the millennial zeal of the 19th century was combined with a less rational way of interpreting the Bible. The Fundamentals, a series of religious pamphlets, gave fundamentalism its name, and allowed it to gain popularity. Fundamentalism became institutionalized in 1919 and 1920. The Darwin theory of evolution became more widely recognized and accepted in the more liberal parts of Protestant churches. Higher criticism of the Bible, much of which contradicted Darwins theory, followed. With the growing popularity of fundamentalism in the South, southern laws were passed prohibiting the teaching of evolution in schools. George W. Rappelyea offered support to teachers who wished to disobey the laws. John Scopes, a schoolteacher, took advantage of this offer and taught Darwins theory to his students. When arrested, Rappelyea alerted media to attend the trial. Clarence Darrow was Scopes attorney. Darrow wanted the jury to find Scopes guilty so he could appeal to higher court and get the law changed. When Darrow was denied the use of scientists to testify as expert witnesses, he called the prosecutor, Williams Jennings Bryan to the stand. Bryan was a highly religious fundamentalist. Through sarcastic questioning, Darrow got Bryan to contradict his beliefs, turning public sentiment against him. Scopes was found guilty, but given a minimal penalty, later overturned by an appeals court. This &q...

English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English Language - Essay Example The work has a great implication on the lives of many people. The narration of the death of Mandela was accompanied with numerous statins of his achievement and his requirement to all people. Every person or institution wanting to live the legacy left by Mandela would be moved by the text since it reminds each and every person of the importance of being willing to sacrifice for the sake of the world. The author realises this fact and puts into perspective the most influential events in the life of Nelson Mandela. The main purpose of the text was creating an editorial that would reflect the actual life and times of Nelson Mandela. Additionally, the author seeks to enlighten the reader of the steps undertaken by Mandela to become one the global recognised leaders for their efforts to bring peace and save humanity. The text has no limitation on the suitable audience since its representation and content are appropriate for very person interested in understanding why Nelson Mandela was held with high regard. However, in highlighting his objective, the author uses the responses of leaders and other people in the society on Nelson Mandela. The article starts by the author explaining the mood that was expected at the funeral. They then mention the significance of the burial of Nelson Mandela3. The text assesses the audience present at the funeral, the mood of the actual day of the funeraland the days before the funeral. The author is quick to confirm that international leaders led by the US President, Barack Obama, were presented at the send-off ceremony and delivered moving speeches on how exceptional Mandela was4. The text also analyses the general feeling of the people of South Africa on their perception Mandela. The text then diverts from the funeral to the life and times of the Nelson Mandela. Significant events such as the

Reflection Paper on Social Change through Immigrant Integration Essay

Reflection Paper on Social Change through Immigrant Integration - Essay Example However, in doing so, the organization walks the fine line between what Skerry has acknowledged as a propensity to "help" or "hassle" that is, the institute definitely has the means by which to assist immigrants, but must be careful not to impose the predominant culture in a condescending manner with the intent to either belittle or eradicate the immigrants' cultural heritage. If for no other reason than a closed system stagnates, the community as a whole is revitalized through embracing new perspectives. The goal of the institute should therefore be to offer a means of integration by first providing services that provide guidance to the present civic structure, second provide cultural access through which the immigrants might become familiar with more local customs, and lastly by encouraging a continuation of immigrant traditions and customs while making these as open as possible to the indigenous community. The purpose of these three approaches is to promote understanding and appre ciation between the two communities. Skerry has referenced Will Herberg's observation that " in America religion was a more acceptable basis of group identity than ethnicity or race." (p. 33) and does so to analyze the level of success achieved by the Latino based Resurrection Project. This project, affiliated with the Catholic Church, has created a feedback loop through which the community has been instructed by the church to avail itself of the organization; the organization then has assisted the community with economic incentives and guidance through certain legalities. The organization has attached conditionals to their assistance that, although these can be regarded as "hassles", ultimately tie the immigrants back into both the civic community and the Church's moral guidelines. The essential lesson of this example has been the use of cultural touchstones. The surrounding community became much more willing to accommodate the Latino community, partly because it had created a structured organization, but mostly becau se it was associated with a recognized organization: the Catholic Church. In an institutes efforts to promote immigrant integration, focus must be paid to such universal touchstones of human experience. Religion has certainly been one, but so are performances of music and art or festivals involving tradition (and more importantly food). Aside from these cultural events, people have always gathered over such shared concerns as children's welfare and education or the availability of healthcare. The extent of an institute's responsibility to promote immigrant integration hinges primarily on providing these opportunities for understanding. When different communities are allowed to gather formatters they share in common, they have taken the first step in recognizing their similarities. As this happens, immigrants become more familiar with local methods and attitudes, thereby growing more comfortable with learning about the new environment and how to unction within it. Yet the responsibility of integration must be equally shared by the immigrant as well. The indigenous